Iceland’s Geothermal Transition: Energy Sovereignty Beyond Carbon Accounting

冰岛的地热转型：超越碳核算的能源主权

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Iceland generates 85 percent of its primary energy from geothermal sources—not as a climate mitigation tactic, but as a strategic assertion of energy sovereignty forged through post-war geological state-building.
The 1969 establishment of Orkuveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavik Energy) centralized geothermal development under municipal control, deliberately avoiding private concessions that might replicate colonial resource extraction patterns.

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