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Labor Movements and the Fight for the Eight-Hour Day
工人运动与八小时工作制
精读先不看文字，完整听一遍。
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In the 1800s, factory workers in Britain, the U.S., and Germany often labored 12 to 16 hours daily, six days a week, with no paid holidays.19世纪，英国、美国和德国的工厂工人通常每天工作12至16小时，每周工作六天，且无带薪假期。
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Unions formed despite legal bans, organizing strikes, publishing pamphlets, and lobbying lawmakers for safer, fairer conditions.尽管遭法律禁止，工会仍相继成立，组织罢工、印发传单，并游说立法者改善工作安全与公平条件。
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The 1886 Haymarket Affair in Chicago began as a peaceful rally for eight-hour workdays but ended in violence and controversy after a bomb exploded.1886年芝加哥干草市场事件起初是一场争取八小时工作制的和平集会，后因炸弹爆炸演变为暴力冲突并引发争议。
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Still, public pressure grew—especially after journalists exposed child labor, factory fires, and exhaustion-related accidents in textile mills and mines.然而公众压力持续上升——尤其是记者曝光了纺织厂和矿山中童工、火灾及疲劳所致事故之后。
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Australia introduced the eight-hour day in 1856; the U.S. adopted it nationally in 1938 through the Fair Labor Standards Act.澳大利亚于1856年率先实行八小时工作制；美国则于1938年通过《公平劳动标准法》在全国推行。
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Trade unions won not just shorter hours but also minimum wages, overtime pay, and the right to collective bargaining.工会不仅争取到更短工时，还赢得了最低工资、加班费以及集体谈判权。
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Today, remote work and gig economies raise new questions about working time, rest periods, and employer responsibility.如今，远程办公与零工经济催生了关于工作时间、休息时段及雇主责任的新问题。
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Historians see the eight-hour movement as foundational—not only for labor rights but for redefining dignity, family life, and leisure itself.历史学家认为，八小时工作制运动意义深远——它不仅是劳工权利的基石，更重塑了人的尊严、家庭生活与休闲本身。
精读 · 大约 10 分钟
听 → 读 → 学表达 → 懂 → 今天会说这一句 → 跟读录音 → 自己说一句。
③ 学 · 重点表达
- Unions formed despite legal bans, organizing strikes, publishing pamphlets, and lobbying lawmakers for safer, fairer conditions. 尽管遭法律禁止，工会仍相继成立，组织罢工、印发传单，并游说立法者改善工作安全与公平条件。
- In the 1800s, factory workers in Britain, the U.S., and Germany often labored 12 to 16 hours daily, six days a week, with no paid holidays. 19世纪，英国、美国和德国的工厂工人通常每天工作12至16小时，每周工作六天，且无带薪假期。
- The 1886 Haymarket Affair in Chicago began as a peaceful rally for eight-hour workdays but ended in violence and controversy after a bomb exploded. 1886年芝加哥干草市场事件起初是一场争取八小时工作制的和平集会，后因炸弹爆炸演变为暴力冲突并引发争议。
④ 懂 · 选一选
⑤ 今天会说这一句
Unions formed despite legal bans, organizing strikes, publishing pamphlets, and lobbying lawmakers for safer, fairer conditions.
⑥ 跟读并录音
Unions formed despite legal bans, organizing strikes, publishing pamphlets, and lobbying lawmakers for safer, fairer conditions.
第一版：录下来、回听、再听标准音。系统打分以后再加。
⑦ 说 · 自己来一句
用今天的表达，自己说一句。
例子：Unions formed despite legal bans, organizing strikes, publishing pamphlets, and lobbying lawmakers for safer, fairer conditions.
已记下。连续天数以后会显示在课表里。
陈老师指导
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